Change sex

Организации по защите прав работников секс-индустрии показывают изобретательность, противодействуя насилию, эксплуатации и иным злоупотреблениям в секс-индустрии, включая работорговлю — таковы выводы новейшего доклада на тему «Работники секс-индустрии самоорганизуются с целью достигнуть перемен касающихся права без помощи других представлять собственные интересы, мобилизации общества и улучшения критерий труда» , размещенного Глобальным альянсом против торговли дамами Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women.

Доклад основан на исследовании, проведенном посреди организаций работников секс-индустрии в 7 странах: Канаде, Мексике, Испании, Южной Африке, Индии, Таиланде и Новейшей Зеландии. Он заостряет внимание на тех вариантах, когда работникам секс-индустрии либо их организациям стало понятно о ситуациях, где та либо другая дама подвергалась насилию, работала в неприемлемых критериях либо была привлечена к работе в секс-индустрии с помощью силы либо обмана, с целью эксплуатации.

Не считая личных случаев поддержки, данный доклад также обрисовывает, как организации по защите прав работников секс-индустрии мобилизуют самих работников и их союзников, чтоб противостоять соц отторжению, дискриминации и притеснению, чтоб коллективно заявлять о собственных дилеммах, требовать соблюдения собственных прав и участвовать в публичной и политической жизни.

Таковая коллективная деятельность придает работникам секс-индустрии убежденности в для себя и помогает им защитить себя и коллег от насилия и сексапильного домогательства. Невзирая на эту важную работу, организации по защите прав работников секс-индустрии остаются по большей части непризнанными и даже подвергаются очернению со стороны общества личных лиц и организаций по борьбе с торговлей людьми.

В крайнее десятилетие роль профсоюзов и ассоциаций работников в предотвращении и борьбе с торговлей людьми в разных секторах экономики всё шире признавалась влиятельными участниками движения. В настоящее время повсеместно признается, что организованные работники имеют больше сил и способностей.

Тем не наименее активисты по борьбе с торговлей людьми традиционно относятся с подозрением к организациям по защите прав работников секс-индустрии, в итоге что эти организации исключены из данной деятельности. В неких из государств, где проводилось исследование, мы нашли, что вклад организаций работников секс-бизнеса в работу по предотвращению торговли людьми был признан по последней мере некими представителями местной милиции либо подразделений по борьбе с торговлей людьми.

Но мы также зафиксировали несколько случаев, когда организации работников секс-индустрии пробовали присоединиться к гос оперативной группе по борьбе с торговлей людьми либо же к сети соответственных неправительственных организаций, но или получали отказ, или были обязаны самоустраниться, столкнувшись с враждебным отношением.

Triumphs and success stories The language of success, Part 1. Добавить sex change в один из ваших списков ниже либо сделать новейший перечень. Medical treatment: surgery. Перейти к произношению sex change. Просмотреть sewing machine. Проверьте свое владение словарным запасом при помощи интересных викторин по картинам.

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Several reported positive results but the potential issues noted above reduced strength and confidence. After careful assessment, we identified six studies that could provide useful information. Of these, the four best designed and conducted studies that assessed quality of life before and after surgery using validated albeit non-specific psychometric studies did not demonstrate clinically significant changes or differences in psychometric test results after GRS [gender reassignment surgery].

In a discussion of the largest and most robust study—the study from Sweden that Dr. McHugh mentioned in the quote above—the Obama Centers for Medicare and Medicaid pointed out the nineteen-times-greater likelihood for death by suicide, and a host of other poor outcomes:. The study identified increased mortality and psychiatric hospitalization compared to the matched controls.

The mortality was primarily due to completed suicides We note, mortality from this patient population did not become apparent until after 10 years. The risk for psychiatric hospitalization was 2. The risk for attempted suicide was greater in male-to-female patients regardless of the gender of the control. Further, we cannot exclude therapeutic interventions as a cause of the observed excess morbidity and mortality.

The study, however, was not constructed to assess the impact of gender reassignment surgery per se. These results are tragic. And they directly contradict the most popular media narratives, as well as many of the snapshot studies that do not track people over time. As I explain in my book , these outcomes should be enough to stop the headlong rush into sex-reassignment procedures. They should prompt us to develop better therapies for helping people who struggle with their gender identity.

And none of this even begins to address the radical, entirely experimental therapies that are being directed at the bodies of children to transition them. Behind the debates over therapies for people with gender dysphoria are two related questions: How do we define mental health and human flourishing? And what is the purpose of medicine, particularly psychiatry? Those general questions encompass more specific ones: If a man has an internal sense that he is a woman, is that just a variety of normal human functioning, or is it a psychopathology?

Should we be concerned about the disconnection between feeling and reality, or only about the emotional distress or functional difficulties it may cause? What is the best way to help people with gender dysphoria manage their symptoms: by accepting their insistence that they are the opposite sex and supporting a surgical transition, or by encouraging them to recognize that their feelings are out of line with reality and learn how to identify with their bodies?

Settling the debates over the proper response to gender dysphoria requires more than scientific and medical evidence. Medical science alone cannot tell us what the purpose of medicine is. Science cannot answer questions about meaning or purpose in a moral sense. It cannot tell us how human beings ought to act. While medical science does not answer philosophical questions, every medical practitioner has a philosophical worldview, explicit or not.

Some doctors may regard feelings and beliefs that are disconnected from reality as a part of normal human functioning and not a source of concern unless they cause distress. Other doctors will regard those feelings and beliefs as dysfunctional in themselves, even if the patient does not find them distressing, because they indicate a defect in mental processes. But the assumptions made by this or that psychiatrist for purposes of diagnosis and treatment cannot settle the philosophical questions: Is it good or bad or neutral to harbor feelings and beliefs that are at odds with reality?

Should we accept them as the last word, or try to understand their causes and correct them, or at least mitigate their effects? While the current findings of medical science, as shown above, reveal poor psychosocial outcomes for people who have had sex-reassignment therapies, that conclusion should not be where we stop.

We must also look deeper for philosophical wisdom, starting with some basic truths about human well-being and healthy functioning. We should begin by recognizing that sex reassignment is physically impossible.

Our minds and senses function properly when they reveal reality to us and lead us to knowledge of truth. And we flourish as human beings when we embrace the truth and live in accordance with it. A person might find some emotional relief in embracing a falsehood, but doing so would not make him or her objectively better off. Living by a falsehood keeps us from flourishing fully, whether or not it also causes distress.

This philosophical view of human well-being is the foundation of a sound medical practice. Michelle Cretella, the president of the American College of Pediatricians—a group of doctors who formed their own professional guild in response to the politicization of the American Academy of Pediatrics—emphasizes that mental health care should be guided by norms grounded in reality, including the reality of the bodily self.

For human beings to flourish, they need to feel comfortable in their own bodies, readily identify with their sex, and believe that they are who they actually are. For children especially, normal development and functioning require accepting their physical being and understanding their embodied selves as male or female. The implicit and sometimes explicit model of the doctor-patient relationship is one of contract: the physician—a highly competent hired syringe, as it were—sells his services on demand, restrained only by the law though he is free to refuse his services if the patient is unwilling or unable to meet his fee.

This modern vision of medicine and medical professionals gets it wrong, says Dr. Professionals ought to profess their devotion to the purposes and ideals they serve. Mental health care must be guided by a sound concept of human flourishing. The minimal standard of care should begin with a standard of normality. Cretella explains how this standard applies to mental health:. One of the chief functions of the brain is to perceive physical reality.

Thoughts that are in accordance with physical reality are normal. Thoughts that deviate from physical reality are abnormal—as well as potentially harmful to the individual or to others. This is true whether or not the individual who possesses the abnormal thoughts feels distress. Our brains and senses are designed to bring us into contact with reality, connecting us with the outside world and with the reality of ourselves.

Thoughts that disguise or distort reality are misguided—and can cause harm. In When Harry Became Sally , I argue that we need to do a better job of helping people who face these struggles. Stop enabling the delusion that transition is the only answer. In extreme cases of shortage of skin, or when a vaginoplasty has failed, a vaginal lining can be created from skin grafts from the thighs or hips, or a section of colon may be grafted in colovaginoplasty.

Since plastic surgery involves skin, it is never an exact procedure. Cosmetic refining to the outer vulva is sometimes required. Some surgeons prefer to do most of the crafting of the outer vulva as a second surgery, when other tissues, blood and nerve supplies have recovered from the first surgery. This relatively minor surgery, which is usually performed only under local anaesthetic, is called labiaplasty.

The aesthetic, sensational, and functional results of vaginoplasty vary greatly. Supporters of colovaginoplasty state that this method is better than use of skin grafts for the reason that colon is already mucosal, whereas skin is not. Lubrication is needed when having sex and occasional douching is advised so that bacteria do not start to grow and give off odors.

Because of the risk of vaginal stenosis the narrowing or loss of flexibility of the vagina , [2] [3] any current technique of vaginoplasty requires some long-term maintenance of volume by the patient using a vaginal expander , [4] [5] or vaginal dilation using graduated dilators to keep the vagina open. Daily dilation of the vagina for six months in order to prevent stenosis is recommended among health professionals.

Regular application of estrogen into the vagina, [ citation needed ] for which there are several standard products, may help, but this must be calculated into the total estrogen dose. Some surgeons have techniques to ensure continued depth, but extended periods without dilation will still often result in reduced diameter vaginal stenosis to some degree, which would require stretching again, either gradually, or, in extreme cases, under anaesthetic.

With current procedures, trans women are unable to receive ovaries or a uterus. This means that they are unable to bear children or menstruate , and that they will need to remain on hormone therapy after surgery to maintain hormone levels. Occasionally these basic procedures are complemented further with feminizing cosmetic surgeries or procedures that modify bone or cartilage structures, typically in the jaw, brow, forehead, nose and cheek areas.

These are known as facial feminization surgery or FFS. Breast augmentation is the enlargement of the breasts. Some trans women choose to undergo this procedure if hormone therapy does not yield satisfactory results. Usually, typical growth for trans women is one to two cup sizes below closely related females such as the mother or sisters. Progesterone also rounds out the breast to an adult Tanner stage -5 shape and matures and darkens the areola.

Other options, like voice feminization lessons, are available to people wishing to speak with less masculine mannerisms. Some MTF individuals will choose to undergo buttock augmentation because anatomically, male hips and buttocks are generally smaller than those presented on a female. If, however, efficient hormone therapy is conducted before the patient is past puberty, the pelvis will broaden slightly, and even if the patient is past their teen years, a layer of subcutaneous fat will be distributed over the body, rounding contours.

Trans women usually end up with a waist to hip ratio of around 0. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sex reassignment surgery. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Gender identities. Health care and medicine. Rights and legal issues. Society and culture.

Theory and concepts. By country. See also. Main article: Vaginoplasty. The results of a penile inversion vaginoplasty, two years after surgery. Inner labia vary aesthetically based on surgeon; here, they are very minimal. The clitoris is tactile rather than visual, another aesthetic difference by surgeon. A faded surgical scar comes up from the perineum and follows the outer labia in a curved Y.

Main article: Facial feminization surgery. Main article: Chondrolaryngoplasty. Transgender portal. NBC News. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN Retrieved January 8, Goldberg Sage Publications. BMC Surgery.